The chemical control of weeds raises serious concerns about food safety and environmental quality, which have necessitated the need for non chemical weed management techniques such as intercropping. Intercropping can suppress weeds and reduce the use of herbicides in production systems. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of intercropping of faba bean and maize, as well as hand-weeding on maize grain yield and TOTAL grain yield. The experiment was carried out during growing season of 2010 as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Sole cropping of maize with weed control (MWF), sole cropping of maize without weed control (MWI), intercropping of 15% faba bean+maize (M+15%F), 30% faba bean+maize (M+30%F), 45% faba bean+maize (M+45%F) and sole cropping of faba bean were the experimental treatments. Weed biomass and density were affected by treatments. With increasing faba bean density in the intercropping treatments, weed biomass and density decreased significantly from 85 plants and 310 g m-2 for MWI treatment to 22 plants and 63 g m-2 for M+45%F treatment, respectively. The greatest number of seed row per ear, seed number per ear and grain and biological yields (8033 and 17933 kg ha-1, respectively) were achieved at MWF treatment and the smallest VALUEs for these attributes were revealed at MWI treatment. There was no significant difference between MWF and M+45%F treatments for TOTAL grain yield (i.e. grain yield of maize + faba bean). Sole cropping of faba bean led to the greatest yield components and grain and biological yields. With increasing faba bean density in intercropping treatments, above mentioned traits (except number of pods per plant) were increased significantly. The great VALUEs for weed control efficiency (73%) and TOTAL RELATIVE VALUE (1.14) were achieved at M+45%F treatment. Results of this experiment indicated that additive intercropping of faba bean (especially with a high planting density) as a companion crop with maize may, potentially, lead to sufficient weed suppression concomitant to an acceptable level of grain yield.

This Research discusses about Customer Perceived VALUE in Domain Retail Deals. With reviewing Definitions Considered about Customer Perceived VALUE and it’s trying to provide new path for success of these firms in the current market Competitive with study, realize and analyze the factor perceived VALUE and also cover the scientific vacuum areca of customer Perceive VALUE in Iran. Literature of research about Consumer behavior and Customer perceive VALUE Shows that the dimensions of Consumer perceived VALUE at Retail form Social VALUE is considered able. In this research Customer Perceived VALUE in shahrvand Chain stores has been studied The Sample has been selected form four climatic regions of Tehran and 110 questionnaires have been distributed in each of them. the method of Sampling in this research is a Combination of probabilistic and non- probability methods Allocated a certain number to each region, selection the number of sample in particular days and Selection of shahrvand stores in Purposeful and Non-random way and also selection of people in time of sampling has been also conducted by random. In the present study For classification of responses Questionnaire regulation and Converting them to the Variable of research and extraction and presentation of central tendency and dispersal from descriptive resolution and analyze, is used test and analyze assuming Through the model of structural equation Including Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Regression Analysis, Path Analysis, One-sample t test. Results of study are explanatory of direct relationship and meaning full associated with the impact of social VALUEs the perceived VALUE of the customer.

This study aims to examine the VALUE relevance of operating cash flows disclosures (direct method versus indirect method) by the measurement view. The proposed hypotheses state that the division of information sets in the cash flows statement helps to raise the ability of explaining the VALUE of a company. The main hypothesis, followed by two minor subhypotheses, has been tested by the rival models of price level versus return accounting, using the data of 208 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the years 2010-2015. Wald and Voung tests were used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that the disaggregation of net operating cash flows into its main components (as it is theoretically possible) results in increase in the ability of explaining shares' price and returns of companies. Therefore, the empirical evidence from the Iranian capital market supports superiority of the direct cash flows method to the indirect method in terms of usefulness of decision-making.

Introduction: Intercropping involves growing more than one crop in the same field at the same time. Intercropping increase diversity in the cropping system and enhance the utilization of resources such as light, heat and water. This practice can also help to suppress weeds and increase the likelihood of being able to reduce herbicide use in the cropping system. Alternatively, in organic systems where herbicides are not used, intercropping can reduce the yield loss potential and provide stability in the system. In recent years, native cotton growers in Khorasan region, especially in Torbat-e Jam region, using the intercropping of cotton-fodder beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L. ), while facilitating the growth of fodder beet plant providing forage for livestock and increasing land income in the cotton crop. Placement of fodder beet plants in or between rows of cotton cultivation accelerates the conquest of space and resources compared to cotton monoculture. Little information is available on the cultivation of fodder beet-cotton intercropping and its effects on the yield of both plants, as well as the potential of this crop system in weed control. Therefore, this experiment was designed with the aim of the effect of cotton-fodder beet intercropping on weed control and evaluation of intercropping and competitive indices in Mashhad region. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of cotton-fodder beet intercropping on weed suppression, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad research farm. Treatments include intercropping pattern at two levels of inter-row and intra-row intercropping and the ratio of cotton-fodder beet substitution intercropping at five levels including 75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75 and monoculture of cotton and fodder beet as the main factor and weed interference at two levels including weeding and non-weeding throughout the weed season as a secondary factor. Land equivalent ratio for cotton, land equivalent ratio for fodder beet, TOTAL land equivalent ratio, actual yield loss for cotton, actual yield loss for fodder beet, TOTAL actual yield loss, RELATIVE VALUE TOTAL for cotton, RELATIVE crowding coefficient for cotton, RELATIVE crowding coefficient for fodder beet, TOTAL RELATIVE crowding coefficient, aggressivity, competitive ratio for cotton, and competitive ratio for fodder beet were the indices which calculated and used as a basis for the evaluation of cotton –,fodder beet intercropping. Analysis of variance was performed using generalized linear models through GLMMIX procedure in SAS 9. 4 software environment. The effect of three factors: intercropping pattern, intercropping ratio and weed interference and their interaction with each other were considered as fixed effects and block and block effect, mixed intercropping pattern, intercropping ratio and TOTAL error were considered as random variables in the model. Comparison of means of the simple effects of factors and their interaction were performed using the least squares mean comparison method in the same procedure. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the effect of intercropping pattern and intercropping proportion on TOTAL weed density was not significant, but was significant on TOTAL dry weight of weeds, although it was still not significant compared to monoculture of cotton. Accordingly, at a 25: 75 crop proportion of cotton-fodder beet, the dry weight of weeds was lower than other intercropping proportion. Also, the effect of intercropping pattern on both crop traits was not significant, but the ratio of intercropping on cotton and fodder beet traits was significant. In terms of interference or non-interference of weeds, at least 50% reduction in cotton lint yield and 83% reduction in fodder beet root yield was observed in intercropping conditions, compared to monoculture of each plant. The two indices of land equivalent ratio and actual yield loss showed the superiority of cotton monoculture over intercropping, but the RELATIVE VALUE TOTAL index expressed the superiority of cottonfodder beet intercropping over cotton monoculture. So that intercropping of cotton-fodder beet with a ratio of 75: 25, in the presence and absence of weeds, the RELATIVE VALUE TOTAL increased by 2. 5 and 8. 6 times, respectively, of cotton monoculture. Competitive indices including RELATIVE crowding coefficient, competition ratio and aggressivity index showed that fodder beet has higher competitive power than cotton. In general, the results of this experiment showed that cotton-beet forage intercropping, although it had no significant effect on weed control, is still recommended in terms of mixed crop evaluation indicators. Conclusion: In general, the results of this experiment showed that the cotton-fodder beet intercropping, as replacement pattern, had no significant effect on weed control, and considering that it was suitable only in terms of one of the evaluation indices (RELATIVE VALUE TOTAL), it is not generally recommendable.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Background: One of the most common visceral cancers among men in the world is prostate cancer. Screening for early detection has a positive effect on patients’ survival time. Measurement of serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA is abundantly used for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, no study has been done to determine the relation between serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio with malignancy degree on biopsy samples. The aim of this study was to determine the relation of serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio, with malignancy degree.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done in Alzahra Hospital during 2012-2013. We selected 85 patients with prostate cancer whose disease was detected in the pathology ward. Serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA were measured, and the degree of malignancy was determined by pathology ward based on the Gleason scoring system. All data was recorded in the questionnaire and entered into the computer and analyzed by SPSS software.Findings: The results of this study showed that there is 38% correlation between Gleason score and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio. Based on the Pearson correlation, this relation was statistically significant (P=0.037). Moreover, there is a 37% relation between serum level of TOTAL PSA and the Gleason score; this relation was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: Prostate cancer is usually detected late and biopsy is rarely accepted by patients. Moreover, serum level of TOTAL PSA and TOTAL PSA/free PSA ratio has a relation with degree of malignancy. Therefore, serum level of PSA can help patients and physicians in early detection and treatment of prostate cancer.

Nowadays, Iranian designers, contractors and government agents encounter with great deal of problems in their construction projects. The main reasons of the occurring problems can be incorrect designing, perplexity of technology, variety of expertise needed, great deal of activities and number of stakeholders engaged. For these reasons, the project are not usually completed in due time and in the mount of the predicted cost scope. VALUE engineering (VE) is a problem solving method (PSM) based on the systematic job plan and creativity. VE aims at reviewing the project and identifying the opportunity of saving project cost and time. Regretfully, in the same cases, VE is not adjusted with needs, specifications and limits of project construction and that cannot remove the problems. This paper can use concepts and techniques of TOTAL quality management (tqm) for developed VE structure and increase its effect on construction project. To create a new model, first, VE, TQM and problem of construction project were reviewed. Next, using other accomplished researches in this field of study, development potentials of VE was identified. Finally, a new model was issued based on the studies.